Most slaves during the Roman Empire were foreigners and, unlike in modern times, Roman slavery was not based on race. Slaves in Rome might include prisoners of war, sailors captured and sold by ...

They serve as a stark reminder of how extensive enforced servitude in the Roman Empire actually was. There were a number of routes into slavery in ancient Rome. One of the most common was being a ...

The papyrus tells a gripping tale of two defendants accused of falsifying documents in the sale of slaves — a crime the Roman Empire took very seriously. Our story begins in the sun-scorched provinces ...

"This is the best-documented Roman court case from Iudaea apart from the trial of Jesus," said one researcher.

The papyrus details the prosecution of two main defendants: Gadalias, a notary’s son and something of an ancient Roman “bad ...

The papyrus revealed how the imperial state dealt with financial crimes - specifically tax fraud involving slaves - in Judaea ...

The document is the longest Greek document found in the Judean Desert, spanning over 133 lines of written text.

As a result, the Roman state gave legal rewards to women who had successfully given birth. After three live babies (or four children for former slaves), women were recognized as legally independent.

“Forgery and tax fraud carried severe penalties under Roman law, including hard labor or even capital punishment,” Dolganov ...

Saulos, his accomplice, orchestrated the fictitious sale and manumission of slaves without paying the ... which were serious offenses in the Roman Empire, punishable by forced labor and even ...